Thaïj̈
Geographical Distribution
Natively known as: Thaïj̈ /θaɪʒ/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...j̈em yeïk zaoyum yaï tulchïn tut yeïk j̈em re dhaodub lau tut yeïk dol re>
Pronunciation: /ʒɛm jeɪk ˈzaʊjum jaɪ ˈtulʧɪn tut jeɪk ʒɛm ɹɛ ˈðaʊdub ˈlæu tut jeɪk dʊl ɹɛ/
Thaïj̈ian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ʃ ʒ ʤ ʧ θ/| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ||||||
| Affricate | ʧ ʤ | ||||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | h | ||||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | w | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ i u æ ɑ ɔɪ ɛ ɪ ʊ ʌ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, ɔɪ
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Near-high | ɪ | ʊ |
| Low-mid | ɛ | ʌ |
| Near-low | æ | |
| Low | ɑ |
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ɹ, ʃ, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Mid-word consonants[pg]: b, bl, bɹ, d, f, g, gm, h, hw, j, jk, k, kt, kw, l, lʧ, m, n, nf, nl, nt, nv, p, pl, pt, s, sp, t, tg, ts, tw, tʧ, v, vw, w, z, ð, ŋ, ŋh, ɹ, ɹd, ɹk, ɹp, ɹv, ʃ, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Word final consonants: b, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, w, ð, ŋ, ʃ, ʒ
Show frequency stats
Word initial: b*31 d*24 f*20 g*18 h*17 j*16 k*15 l*14 m*13 n*13 ŋ*12 p*12 ɹ*12 s*11 t*11 v*11 w*10 z*10 ʃ*10 ʒ*10 ʧ*10 ʤ*9 θ*9 ð*9
Mid-word: m*31 k*24 j*20 p*18 w*17 n*16 s*15 t*14 b*13 l*13 h*12 g*12 ŋ*12 d*11 f*11 ʧ*11 ʃ*10 z*10 ʤ*10 v*10 ʒ*10 ð*9 θ*9 ɹ*9 nt*24 vw*15 tʧ*13 tw*13 pt*12 pl*11 ts*11 bɹ*11 ɹd*10 ɹk*10 bl*9 kt*9 tg*8 ɹv*8 nf*8 nv*8 kw*8 ɹp*8 sp*8 gm*7 ŋh*7 hw*7 nl*7 lʧ*7 jk*7
Word final: m*31 k*24 p*18 w*17 n*16 s*15 t*14 b*13 l*13 g*12 ŋ*12 f*11 ʃ*10 v*10 ʒ*10 ð*9
- j → ʧ / _V
- iw → uj / _#
- b → w / V_V
- k → Ø / V_V
- j → ʝː / V_V
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| aɪ | ie> |
| aʊ | ou> |
| eɪ | ay> |
| j | y> |
| æ | a> |
| ð | dh> |
| ŋ | ng> |
| ɑ | ä> |
| ɔɪ | oi> |
| ɛ | e> |
| ɪ | ï> |
| ɹ | r> |
| ʃ | sh> |
| ʊ | o> |
| ʌ | ü> |
| ʒ | j̈> |
| ʤ | j> |
| ʧ | ch> |
| > | |
| θ | th> |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Noun
Nouns form plural with separate plural word:
| Plural | dhɔïs> /ðɔɪs/
plural particle |
Articles
| Definite | Indefinite | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | dï> /dɪ/
the |
j̈is> /ʒis/
a |
| Plural | wɔï> /wɔɪ/
the |
bi> /bi/
some |
Pronouns
| 1st singular | lej̈> /lɛʒ/
I, me |
| 2nd singular | yaï> /jaɪ/
you |
| 3rd singular | yeïk> /jeɪk/
he, him, she, her, it |
| 1st plural | hü> /hʌ/
we, us |
| 2nd plural | bi> /bi/
you (all) |
| 3rd plural | jü> /ʤʌ/
they, them |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | vü> /vʌ/
my |
| 2nd singular | ram> /ɹæm/
your |
| 3rd singular | shaf> /ʃæf/ |
| 1st plural | um> /um/
our |
| 2nd plural | ash> /æʃ/
your |
| 3rd plural | duk> /duk/
their |
Verbs
Past tense may be indicated with the word:
| Past particle | shal> /ʃæl/
past tense particle |
| Future | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʌl-
Else: Prefix ʌlu- ülubej̈> /ˈʌlubɛʒ/ |
Perfect aspect
Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’,
which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken
but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
In Thaïj̈ian, the perfect is constructed with an affix
| Perfect | Prefix kɑ-
käbej̈> /ˈkɑbɛʒ/ |
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛf-
Else: Prefix ɛfɑ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʒ-
Else: Prefix ʒi-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix jaɪ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix mɪ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix waʊ-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix æ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix bɪ-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix vʊ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix w-
Else: Prefix waʊ-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If starts with vowel: Prefix æk-
Else: Prefix æki-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɑvw-
Else: Prefix ɑvwɑ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix θaɪ-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix uts-
Else: Prefix utsʌ-
Augmentative = Prefix ɑ-
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